History and Background of ORM ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a technology that automatically maps objects in object-oriented programming languages to tables in relational databases. It emerged in the early 1990s when object-oriented programming became mainstream, designed to solve the Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch between objects and tables. The first commercial ORM tool was TOPLink (now Oracle TopLink) in 1994, originally developed for Smalltalk environments before Java. It was later ported to Java in 1996, contributing to the spread of ORM concepts in the enterprise Java ecosystem. ...